Most Recent Smogon Tier Updates

Hello everyone!

Once again, the Smogon tiers have been updated according to the usage of Pokemon in the last three months. This update has shaken things up almost as much as the last, and it's about time to welcome a slew of new threats into the OU, UU and RU tiers.

Changes for OU 

Dugtrio 

The most noticeable and significant change of any Pokemon from any tier, ever. Trio shot straight up to OU from the nether regions of the Neverused, bypassing RU and UU on the way, and laughing at the faces of those tier's threats. The reasoning for this huge jump? Simple. Dugtrio is primed as one of the best trappers and revenge killers in OU, taking a top spot of eliminating opposing Tyranitars or Ninetails in a tier where weather teams stand just around every corner. Furthermore, it could also trap and dispatch of weaker threats such as Tentacruel or Magnezone who might otherwise ruin your team's fun. While 80 base Attack and a set of god-awful defenses that are so bad they won't even be mentioned plague the tri-mole, it is apparent that these assets of Arena Trap and 120 base Speed were enough to have folks using it endlessly in OU. But will it stay? We shall see.

Alakazam 

A pretty big jump for the super-smart wizard as well, Zam's rise to OU really doesn't come as much of a surprise. It's very weak defensively, but with Magic Guard, excellent coverage moves, 120 Speed and 135 Special Attack, I think its assets far outweigh its set of cons. Personally, I am content with this jump, though using Zam in UU was no less fun.

Chansey 

At long last, offensive players and stall-haters of UU can rejoice! After many, many months of dealing with Chansey's exceptional bulk in the Underused tier, it has finally been used enough in OU to the point where it has secured a slot in that tier. But with its older sister already in OU, how will the egg nurse fare against the tier's common share of threats?

Jolteon

A lot of things make Jolteon prominent in OU (arguably moreso than in the UU tier from which it came). Among these are the fact that it is extremely fast, has a good base Special Attack stat, and carries a STAB Electric typing, boasting moves like Volt Switch and 100% accurate Thunder in the rain. Volt Absorb doesn't make it any worse, either. Basically, this list details my speculation for why Jolteon has risen again to OU. I haven't really used it much myself this gen.

Donphan and Mamoswine 

These two things are very similar, yet also very different, and I think they can both be used very effectively in the OU metagame. STAB Earthquake is never a bad thing, while Ice Shard for coverage (Mamo carries it with STAB) allows for an excellent way to outspeed and dispatch of certain Dragons. Furthermore, Stealth Rock is a very important component to have on any team, and Donphan's ability to Rapid Spin makes it that much more useful with Sturdy. This pair's rise spells good news for OU and bad news for those who loved using it in UU.

Tornadus 

He's back! Just a few months after his twin brother's ban from the OU tier, Tornadus has claimed his spot as one of the tiers top genies. With amazing offensive stats, he's able to destroy a lot of the tiers common threats, and with a 100% accurate STAB Hurricane in the rain, he can blast holes in weakened teams with a Specs set. Look out for Tornadus on Rain and even non-Rain teams.

New in Underused 

Swampert 

Perhaps one of the most widely received drops from the OU tier, Swampert offers great bulk and decent offensive potential in the new UU. However, this might have come a little late, as with Roserade dominating the tier as high queen, Pert will be very limited in effectiveness and might not see too much usage despite its strengths.

Bronzong 

An interesting new asset to the UU scene, Bronzong brings with it its awesome typing, great support movepool and solid defenses to take the cake as possibly one of UU's most potent Psychic types/defensive Pokemon. Try it out for yourself!

Sableye 

Not unexpected here, Prankster Sableye makes its debut in a solid tier since its banishment from RU. This thing optimizes as one of the most annoying Pokemon to encounter in UU, but if you come prepared it shouldn't be all that difficult to fell.

Krookodile

Last but not least, Krookodile also rose to the ranks in UU, making up for the drop of its Ground type brethren Golurk. And with Moxie, great Speed with a Choice Scarf and good coverage in its STAB, Krook can be used as a very effective late-game sweeper in this tier.


RU Ready?

The RarelyUsed tier saw the most significant improvement, receiving mons from both UU and NU to make for a very crowded metagame. As there are several, I will only discuss the potentially most prominent new RU threats, and will list all the changes after.

 
Under UnderUsed 

A lack of competent usage in UU sent things like Aerodactyl, Sigilyph, Golurk and Spiritomb down in rank. What's funnier, Whimsicott continues its decent down the tier ladder, falling now from UU to RU as well. And in other news, Cresselia, primed queen of RU before her banishment to UU a few months ago, is now back in RU and ready to wall the hell out of everything. I am not happy.


Never Say Never! 

Quite a lot of things also got the ticket to the RU show, leaving their Neverused days behind. These Pokemon are very potent in RU (and possibly even UU) and come as really no surprise for rising.

Magneton 

Great typing, faster Speed than its evolution, good defenses and Special Attack, and ability to wield Eviolitee all make Magneton an excellent Pokemon to use in any of the lower tiers. Don't underestimate it and use it as much as you can.

Smeargle 

The most versatile movepool in the entire game! Smeargle really isn't all that bad, despite what its horrendous stats say. Just remember to put it on your team to serve a particular role and give it appropriate team support, and you've got yourself a shining star.

Roselia 

With stats and movepool not far off its evolution, Rose is really as effective in RU as Rade is in UU. Remember that.


Others 

The others to make the jump to the RU tier were Poliwrath, Rhydon, Lanturn, Slowking, Scolipede, Klinklang and Druddigon. Each of these has a potency worth using in the lower tiers, and has been bumped up for very good reasons.


I hope you will enjoy these new tier changes. As the tiers are updated every three months, let's see how things change from now until then. I will also update the tier list here on the site to match that of Smogon. Let's make an impact in the metagame! Don't be afraid to use things not commonly seen.

More Pokemon Bans

          Just in time for the Holidays, everyone's favorite Christmas trees have been banished to the Borderline subgroup, removing Hail completely from UU and below. This couldn't have been timed better, too, as Hail teams were becoming very dominant in both the UU and NU tiers. Now that this particular weather type is only usable in OU, how will things like Frosslass, Kyurem and Glaceon get their usage? Will they falter without the mask of Hail aiding them, or are they no worse without it?

We shall see where the coming months take them. I've updated the current tiers to accommodate for these bans.

Tier Updates

        This news is a bit late, but I have updated the Current Tier List here on the site with the recent adjustments and bans made by Smogon. Below is a brief insight of my reaction to the bans, and how I think they will affect/are affecting their respective metagames.

1. Deoxys-S 

        Holding its place as the fastest Pokemon in the entire game since its release in Ruby and Sapphire, Deoxys's Speed Form boasts decent Attack and Special Attack (both base 95) and even reasonable Defenses (both 90) to become one of the best revenge killers/support Pokemon, respectively with its blistering Speed. Its movepool does nothing but further its versatility, with moves like Superpower, Ice Beam, and Hidden Power Fire (to name a few) allowing it to deal with the vast majority of its common counters. Furthermore, Taunt, Magic Coat, Stealth Rock, and Spikes optimize it as a quick go-to Pokemon in team support. It also gets both Reflect and Light Screen to work as an excellent Double Screener.

        And with all of these above assets, it would seem Deoxys-S is very broken (like most Deoxys forms) to begin with. The fact that it can be countered by things like Tyranitar and Scizor is only counteracted by the fact that it can run both Superpower and Hidden Power Fire to dispatch of these two. It also gets Taunt to stop stall teams dead in their tracks (bar Magic Bouncers). So for the reasons that Deoxys-S was perhaps one of the most versatile Pokemon in the OU metagame, and that it could essentially destroy anything and everything that can stop it (though not all in one set), it has again been placed in the Uber tier, where it ideally belongs. This is sad news for most Hyper-Offensive teams who would otherwise abuse Deoxys' amazing assets to get their team to victory, but overall I don't think the metagame has shifted or will shift too drastically in response to this ban.

2. Hippowdon 

        With Stoutland as its watch dog in UU, Hippowdon quickly soared in usage after being downgraded for not being used enough in OU. And with this dream team along with great abusers such as Alakazam, Cradily, Donphan and Gligar to name a few, Sand easily became one of the most popular playstyles in the Underused tier. Perhaps too popular, however, as Smogon saw fit to get Hippo out of there before things got too hectic.

        As a Pokemon, ignoring the fact that it summons Sandstorm immediately, Hippowdon is really not bad at all. Boasting an equal typing to fellow mammal-based Donphan, Hippo also wields higher base HP, which with its only slightly lower Attack and Defense stats almost makes it superior. It also has access to recovery in the form of Slack Off, optimizing its place as a defensive Pokemon. Add this to the ability to lay Stealth Rocks on the field, and you have yourself one very efficient UU threat. Sand Stream was just the icing on the ban-hammer cake for this desert-dweller.

In Other News

        Scizor also dethroned Dragonite as king of OU in the previous month as the tandem of U-Turning/Volt Switch Rot-Zor (Rotom and Scizor) becomes steadily more popular and annoying. Sand teams also take the trophy for most popular weather type, with big beasts like Terrakion and Landorus shaking things up in a good way. Both previously-dominant weather types (Sand and Rain) are also a lot less broken now with the banishment of Thundurus and Excadrill a few months ago, though Latios should be noted as a superbly underrated Rain abuser.

        And in UU, Roserade remains one of the most efficient threats, with her ability to back up her hazard-setting with a heavy base 125 Special Attack and STAB Leaf Storm. Magic Guard Alakazam also continues to rise in popularity, with Darmanitan and Chandelure being noted for their blessed arrival from OU.


So that's the major ideas in a nutshell for you! I hope you will all get out there and try the current OU and UU metagame, both of which are quite fun now with the recent bans. I will have a guide and a Competitive Pokemon Analysis up soon!

Happy Holidays!

I'm back and Happy Holidays

Delibird, ready to deliver gifts
to all the good peoples of the world

Season's greetings, everyone! I am back from a month-long reprieve of studying for finals and writing countless analytic essays. Now that I have a month of break from school, expect me to be posting a lot more frequently. I will try to write the majority of my posts ahead of time as well, so as to prevent this from happening again.

Thanks so much for sticking around, and I sincerely apologize for my long absence (it's tough running as thorough a blog as this by yourself!).

Rudolph's aptly dressed cousin

Hope you are all enjoying the lovely winter weather!

Competitive Battling Spotlight #32: Move 2

            Today we look at the best scouting move in the game, argued by most to be the best move in the game, U-Turn.

What it does:

            U-Turn does 70 base damage and is of the Bug type. It also forces the user to return to its trainers, to switch places in battle with another Pokemon of the trainer’s choosing.  

*If the opponent faints while you use U-Turn, you will switch in your Pokemon first, then they will have the opportunity to send in something new after*

U-Turn vs. Switching:

            The reason this is such a good move is because it gives you the chance to see what your opponent will decide to do. By using U-Turn, one can ideally see whether the opponent chooses to stay in the battle or switch their Pokemon out for another. This allows you to switch into the appropriate counter/check for any given situation. In this regard, U-Turn is unrivaled in getting you momentum in battle.

            You be thinking, “Why use U-Turn when you can just blatantly switch your Pokemon out?”. U-Turn, however, is far better than simply switching your Pokemon out, for it allows you to see what your opponent brings in first.

The Escapists:

            U-Turn is a move that works best on Pokemon with a heavy offensive or defensive presence; those that force switches often. Also, a high Attack and/or Speed stat is ideal, but is by no means required.  For these reasons, U-Turn can be looked at as both an offensive and a defensive strategy.

Here are some of the best Pokemon at fleeing the scene:

Scizor

By and by the King of using this move, Scizor, with its massive Attack stat, superb typing and ability to absolutely dominate with a Choice Band, can render the majority of the metagame immobile by utilization of U-Turn. As if all of that wasn’t good enough, Sciz gets STAB on it, making him essentially unrivaled in this strategy. Use U-Turn on Scizor with a Choice Band, Choice Scarf, or Life Orb equipped and you won’t ever regret it.

Infernape

Though Ape’s usage has dwindled a bit since DPPt, it still remains an excellent U-Turner in OU with great 108 Speed and acceptable 104 Attack. Also, with STAB Fire and Fighting type moves striking fear in the hearts of many common Pokemon, Ape can predict a switch out and use U-Turn quite effectively to bring in something to deal with its new opponent.

Celebi

Celebi is one of the most balanced Pokemon in the OU metagame at the moment. Its support movepool is phenomenal, which is enough to open up scouting opportunities by itself. Use this move on a defensive set with Leech Seed/T-Wave, or on a yet underrated Scarf variant, both of which can yield noticeable success.

Flygon

Flygon was and is a superb U-Turn abuser due to its offensively-oriented stats and typing, and the prominence of its Scarf set. For these reasons, Gon remains one of the best scouts in the entire game. Though it was shirked to the UU tier in the beginning of Black and White, it still remains an effective team member for shuffling the opponent’s team around until you can find an opening to strike.

Others:

-Landorus; Fast, Powerful, and great typing make Landorus one threatening Pokemon with a Choice Scarf.

-Staraptor; Ideally the same as Landorus, except with a different typing. STAB Brave Bird and Double Edge along with Reckless and Close Combat for coverage emphasize the reasons Staraptor will be forcing switches and making use of U-Turn.

-Ambipom; Speed, STAB Fake Out, and Technician make Ambipom the perfect Pokemon for get-in/get-out offense. U-Turn optimizes this. 

-Archeops; A base Attack and Speed stat rivaled only by the gods make Archeops a very deadly Pokemon to force switches and scout with U-Turn. 

Competitive Battling Spotlight #31: New Pokemon Eleven

Scrafty, an up-beat little lizard that's not afraid to shed its skin.

Dark/Fighting 

Tier: OU (as of January 2012) 

Abilities: 

H.P.: 65

Attk: 90

Def.: 115

Sp.A: 42

Sp.D: 115

Spe:  58

Abilities:  

Moxie: Raises Attack by one stage every time you knock out a Pokemon. A good Attack stat with a couple great boosting moves and almost perfect coverage with its STAB moves make Scrafty a very real threat with Moxie. These factors almost guarantee that Scrafty will be able to get a kill or two per match, making full use of Moxie.

Shed Skin: Has a 33% chance of removing any status ailment (Poison, Burn, Sleep) at the end of every turn. With good stats and boosting moves, Scrafty’s weakness clearly becomes status affliction. Shed Skin, however, cures this and makes Scrafty all the more deadly, wielding STAB Drain Punch for recovery. Be careful to not let Shed Skin Scrafty set up against you, or there may not be any way of stopping its sweep.

Intimidate:  Lowers the opponent’s Attack by one stage after sending Scrafty into battle. A good ability with Scrafty’s good bulk and decent defensive typing (only 2 weaknesses). It seems to be in the shadow of the other two useful abilities, but Scrafty can benefit from the -1 Attack drop to help it either set up and sweep, or just deal straight damage to offensive threats. Not a bad ability for Scrafty when it gets released.

Analysis:  

            Scrafty is an excellent Pokemon in the OU metagame. With two very usable abilities, high Attack and defenses, and a STAB combo only resisted by two Pokemon in the entire game, it is able to keep opponents guessing from the first turn it is sent out, then utilize their temporary pause to set up for a sweep. Stat-wise, Scrafty is similar to Bronzong, though its typing and movepool give it a blatant offensive twist. It may not be the most powerful Pokemon of its age, but with what it can do to improve upon its flaws, it is no doubt a force to be reckoned with.

Potential Sets:

1. Bulk Up

Ability: Shed Skin

252 HP/4 Def/252 Sp.Def

Careful @ Leftovers  

-Bulk Up

-Drain Punch

-Payback  

- Ice Punch/Fire Punch/Substitute/Rest

A very standard set, this one makes use of Scrafty’s great bulk alongside recovery in STAB Drain Punch and Shed Skin. With the EV spread, Scrafty becomes capable of taking hits from almost all threats after a Bulk Up. Drain Punch and Payback yield near-perfect coverage, while Ice Punch hits Gliscor, who would otherwise take several boosts to knock out with Payback, hard. Fire Punch can also be used to hit Heracross and Toxicroak, the only two Pokemon that resist Dark + Fighting, giving this set completely perfect coverage. Substitute may be used in the place of the last moveslot as a means of scouting, giving you free turns of setup in some cases. Rest is also a solid option, recovering 100% of your HP and having a chance to wake up immediately with Shed Skin.

2. The Wiggle

Ability: Moxie

12 HP/252 Atk/234 Spe

Jolly/Adamant @ Life Orb/Leftovers

-Dragon Dance

-Hi Jump Kick/Drain Punch  

-Crunch  

-Ice Punch/Fire Punch/Substitute

            This is a standard Dragon Dance set, and since Scrafty is not a Dragon and looks as though it is very wiggly if/when it dances, this is to be called the Wiggle set. This spread is more offensively tailored than the Bulk Up one, and optimizes Scrafty’s great STAB coverage with Moxie. After a Dragon Dance and a Jolly nature, Scrafty can outspeed and K.O. anything with 105 base Speed or below, such as Mienshao, while still retaining the capability to take hits quite well. The item choice and move choice for this set essentially depend on team support. If you lack or require a very heavy hitter with little to no regard to endurance, Life Orb may be equipped with Hi Jump Kick to do the most amount of damage possible; though Life Orb recoil and the potential for Hi Jump Kick to miss means that Scrafty won’t be around for too long. This can be helped with Wish support, however.

           

Alternatively, for a more withstanding, yet still quite powerful variant, Drain Punch can be used for recovery alongside Leftovers.

3. ChoiceScraf

Ability: Moxie

252 HP/252 Atk/4 Sp.Def

Adamant @ Choice Band

-Hi Jump Kick  

-Fire Punch/Drain Punch  

-Crunch

-Ice Punch/Fire Punch

                                      

        90 base Attack really doesn’t make Scrafty the best Fighting type (or even the best Dark type) to run a Choice Band in OU, but with its good bulk and Moxie, as well as its ability to hit 99.6% of OU for at least neutral damage, it gives you the element of surprise by being able to stop most of Scrafty’s usual counters by hitting them with a powerful move on the switch.

        Additionally, a Choice Scarf can be used with the same exact moves and 252 Speed instead of HP, though Band is probably more effective since Scraf is very slow anyway.

4. SubAttacks

Ability: Moxie

252 HP/252 Atk/4 Sp.Def

Adamant @ Life Orb/Leftovers

- Substitute

-Hi Jump Kick/Drain Punch/Focus Punch  

-Crunch/Payback  

-Dragon Tail  

            Because of Scrafty’s great coverage and reputation of forcing switches by setting up, a Sub + 3 Attacks set is very viable, and should be feared by everything. Setting up a Sub should be a piece of cake for this lizard, and from there you need only utilize the appropriate attack to make your opponent crumble. Hi Jump Kick and Drain Punch again have their obvious perks as Fighting type STAB, but Focus Punch may be used effectively here as well for its massive damage output over the other two. What sets Scrafty apart from most SubPunchers, however is Moxie, which increases the power of each of its hits with each kill. Also, the ability to phaze in the form of Dragon Tail, coupled with the fact that Dragon and Fighting have amazing coverage as well, make this set all the more unique.  

Conclusion:

           

Among the powerhouse Fighting types released in 5^th gen, Scrafty is indeed the most unique. Its typing makes it a formidable offensive threat, while its abilities keep it going continually throughout battles. Don’t let its goofy look fool you; this is one potent monster that can undermine teams and tear them to shreds if allowed to utilize its assets in full.

 

  Competitive Usability: 

Pros- 

•  Typing that yields almost perfect STAB coverage  
• Moxie and Dragon Dance
• Shed Skin, Bulk Up and Rest
• Defensive stats similar to Bronzong
• Decent defensive typing

Cons- 

• Weakness to common Fighting type
• Very slow
• Unable to hit hard initially (requires boosts of some kind)

Verdict:  8.5 out of 10 

Scrafty is an ugly Pokemon. Forget Magikarp. Forget Watchog. This thing is odd. Its surprising blend of absent-minded lizard and urban hoodlum is both awesome and random at the same time, forcing many head-scratches upon first glance. Still, one strong point about its look is its uniqueness. Let that decide for you whether that makes it good or bad.

        

Aesthetic Design:  6 out of 10

Competitive Battling Spotlight #30: Ability Three

            Today’s ability spotlight will be of the new ability Magic Bounce.

What it Does:

Regurgitates the effect of opponent’s non-attacking, status-inducing moves (i.e. Thunder Wave, Leech Seed, Taunt, etc).

Example:

If your opponent uses Will-O-Wisp on you, assuming it doesn’t miss or they are not of the Fire type, they will become burned instead of you.

Who Has It Now:

Only three Pokemon have this ability at the moment:

-Natu; Some of the worst stats ever, but then again, what can be expected from a pre-evolved Pokemon? I am only mentioning Natu here because 1) Magic Guard is a good ability, 2) It is one of only 3 things that gets it (including its evolution), and 3) It can be made use of as a decent support Pokemon in NU with Magic Bounce .

-Xatu; Stat-wise, Xatu is inferior to its Bouncing counterpart Espeon, but with an additional Flying typing it scores several notable resistances, chief amongst them to the common Fighting type, as well as an immunity. 95 Special Attack and Speed are not horrible either, so Xatu makes a good supporter in UU, as well as in OU with these aforementioned resistances.

-Espeon; With a great stat spread and movepool, Espeon makes a great support or offensive user of Magic Bounce, stopping threats that rely on non-attacking strategies in their tracks. A great OU supporter, be on the lookout for Magic Bounce Espeon.

Bouncing for Yourself:

When using Magic Bounce on your team, be cautious. Keep in mind that it is very likely that your opponent will also be playing cautiously, ideally avoiding setting up hazards or throwing a status move into the wind. For this reason, it is very important to attempt to learn from your foe’s playstyle before sending your Espeon to an unexpected doom.

In other words, prediction is key. If your opponent sends out Ferrothorn as their lead, you can either predict them to begin to lay up hazards and send in Espeon to bounce them back, or you can predict them to expect you to send Espeon in, therefore keeping it safe from a powerful STAB Gyro Ball.

This may sound confusing, but the most important thing to keep in mind when using Magic Bounce on your team is keeping your Bouncer alive longer than their hazard/status Pokemon. With the right amount of prediction this won’t be too hard to do.

Playing against Bouncers:

Just like when using Magic Bounce on your own team, playing against it effectively requires a solid amount of prediction. Team preview may just be Magic Bounce’s worst nightmare, and should help you when facing off against it, as you’ll know whether or not your opponent has it from the very beginning of battle. This means that if you see Espeon on the opposing team, you can play your Ferrothorn a little more safely to guarantee you get your hazards up when the time is right.

This means if you have Ferrothorn in and your opponent has a different Pokemon, you might want to hold off on setting up Stealth Rock or Leech Seeding the foe, lest they send in their Magic Bouncer to make your efforts in vain. If you do predict an Espeon switch, you may fire off a STAB Gyro Ball or Power Whip, both of which will do loads of damage, hitting both Esp and Xatu from their weaker defensive side (ensuring a 2HKO on all standard variants).

Who Should Get It:

-Bronzong; With a superb defensive typing and stats to boot, Zong would make an extremely effective, extremely annoying, abuser of Magic Bounce. Sure, losing out on Levitate is a downer, but with the capability of forgoing entry hazards and being immune to status and Taunt would make this ancient bell ring with potency.

-Starmie; Fast, powerful, and capable of Recovering off stray damage, Starmie would become a deadly Bouncer for most rain teams, becoming both offensively and defensively threatening like never before. Magic Bounce would also render Rapid Spin semi-obsolete on most sets, allowing you to fill that slot with another, more effective choice.

-Mismagius; A fast, bulky Ghost with decent support options and a good Special Attack make Mismagius one tough threat to shake. Add in an ability to never be Paralyzed or Taunted again, and you’ve got yourself one solid counter to most of today’s common UU Ghost threats.

-Deoxys; Considering only Defense and Speed forms are available in the metagame, Deoxys would make a massive threat in combination with its formidable stats and a new addition of Magic Bounce. Deoxys-D can already take hits all day from all types of threats, making it perhaps the perfect Pokemon to speculatively receive Magic Bounce. While this would become one of the best supporters in the entire meta, I think it’s safe to say Deoxys-D not having MB generally is a good thing for the time being. Otherwise it just wouldn’t die!

How It Could Be Better:

Magic Bounce really can’t get too much better than it already is, but if I had to choose an improvement, I’d say that even added effects from certain attacks should be bounced back. Could you imagine Suicune’s Scald burning itself instead of your Xatu? That would indeed make Magic Bounce several times more effective, but it doesn’t take away from the already outstanding effects of this ability.

Conclusion:

Limited to only 3 users makes Magic Bounce a very unique ability. And though only two of those are even remotely viable in the competitive realm, and that they share a common typing and similarly poor defensive stats, it remains a very helpful ability. Use Magic Bounce to help you get the edge over your opponent’s team, as it can often times stop certain Pokemon dead in their tracks.